1) Carbon: Carbon is a
chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number 6. It is a fundamental
building block of life and is found in all known living organisms.
2) Carbon
Compounds: Carbon forms a vast number of compounds due to its ability to bond
with other carbon atoms and a variety of other elements. Organic chemistry is
the branch of chemistry that studies these carbon compounds.
3) Covalent
bond: A covalent bond is formed when pairs of electrons are shared
between two atoms. It is primarily formed between two same nonmetallic
atoms or between nonmetallic atoms with similar electronegativity.
4) Lewis
Dot Structure: These are basically diagrams with the element’s symbol in the
centre. The dots around it represent the valence electrons of the element.
5) Single
bond: A single bond is a chemical bond between two atoms where they
share one pair of electrons. It's a type of covalent bond, and it's represented
by a single line in chemical structures.
6) Double
bond: A double bond is a type of chemical bond between two atoms in
which they share two pairs of electrons. It is a stronger and more rigid
connection compared to a single bond, represented by two lines in chemical
structures.
7) Triple
bond: A triple bond is a strong chemical bond between two atoms in
which they share three pairs of electrons. It is a highly stable connection and
is represented by three lines in chemical structures.
8) Catenation: Catenation
is the self-linking property of an element by which an atom forms covalent bonds
with the other atoms of the same element to form straight or branched chains
and rings of different sizes. It is shown by carbon, sulphur and silicon.
9) Allotropes
of Carbon:The phenomenon of the existence of the same element in different
physical forms with similar chemical properties is known as allotropy.
Crystalline
allotropes of carbon include diamond, graphite and, fullerene.
Amorphous
allotropes of carbon include coal, coke, charcoal, lamp black and gas
carbon.
10) Saturated
hydrocarbons: These hydrocarbons have all carbon-carbon single bonds. These are
known as alkanes. General formula = CnH2n+2 where n
= 1, 2, 3, 4.…..
11) Unsaturated
hydrocarbons: These hydrocarbons have at least one carbon-carbon double or
triple bond.
Hydrocarbons
with at least one carbon-carbon double bond are called alkenes. General formula
= CnH2n where n = 2, 3, 4…..
Hydrocarbons
with at least one carbon-carbon triple bond are called alkynes. General
formula = CnH2n−2 where n = 2, 3, 4…..
12) Functional
Groups: An atom or a group of atoms which, when present in a compound,
gives specific physical and chemical properties to it regardless of the length
and nature of the carbon chain is called a functional group.
13) Homologous
Series: Homologous series constitutes organic compounds with the same
general formula, and similar chemical characteristics but different physical
properties. The adjacent members differ in their molecular formula by −CH2.
14) Nomenclature
of Carbon Compounds: The International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry (IUPAC) decided on some rules for naming carbon compounds. This was
done to maintain uniformity throughout the world. Names which are given on this
basis are popularly known as IUPAC names.
15) Combustion
Reactions : Combustion means the burning of carbon or carbon-containing
compounds in the presence of air or oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, heat and
light.
16) Oxidation: Oxidation
is a chemical reaction that occurs in an atom or compound and results in the
loss of one or more electrons.
17) Addition:The
reactions in which two molecules react to form a single product having all the
atoms of the combining molecules are called addition reactions.
The hydrogenation reaction is an example of the addition reaction. In this
reaction, hydrogen is added to a double bond or a triple bond in the
presence of a catalyst like nickel, palladium or platinum.
18) Substitution:The reaction
in which an atom or group of atoms in a molecule is replaced or substituted by
different atoms or groups of atoms is called a substitution reaction. In
alkanes, hydrogen atoms are replaced by other elements.
19) Esterification: When a
carboxylic acid is refluxed with alcohol in the presence of a small quantity of
conc.H2SO4, a sweet-smelling ester is formed. This
reaction of ester formation is called esterification.
20) Saponification: Saponification
is a chemical reaction in which ester molecules react with alkali (such as
sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide) to produce soap and glycerol. In
simpler terms, it is the process of making soap from fats or oils by combining
them with a strong base.
21) Micelle: The
ionic-end of soap interacts with water while the carbon chain interacts with
oil. The soap molecules, thus form structures called micelles where one end of
the molecules is towards the oil droplet while the ionic-end faces outside.
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